1. Origin, Make-up, and Molecular Design
1.1 All-natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering representatives are acquired mainly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse by-products such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Through controlled alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these architectural healthy proteins are damaged down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) useful groups.
This twin fondness enables the molecules to adsorb efficiently at air– water user interfaces during mechanical oygenation, decreasing surface tension and supporting bubble formation– an important demand for generating consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, pet protein lathering agents are eco-friendly, safe, and show excellent compatibility with Portland concrete systems due to their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– usually between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam stability, drain rate, and bubble dimension, making process control throughout hydrolysis important for regular efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation Device and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (normally at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced right into a foam generator, the protein solution develops a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This film stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of larger bubbles at the expense of smaller sized ones– by creating a mechanically durable interfacial layer enhanced through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam shows high expansion ratios (commonly 15– 25:1) and reduced water drainage rates (
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